Phytoseiulus persimilis (Persimilis) is a predatory mite which attacks spider mites Tetranychus urticae, (also known as red spider mite or two spotted mite) and bean red spider mites Tetranychus ludeni, in both protected and outdoor crops. Persimilis is most suited to moderate temperatures and high humidity, and is tolerant to some insecticides and most fungicides.

Description and biology

Persimilis is <1mm long, tear-shaped and orange to light red in colour. The female lays pale orange/pink round eggs usually on the back of leaves, and often in spider mite webs. Predator eggs are about twice the size of spider mite eggs. At 20°C it takes about 7 days for the predators to go from egg to adult, compared with nearly 15 days for the spider mites. This combined with a higher percentage of female predators, and a higher egg laying capacity than the pest, means that predator numbers will increase much faster than prey numbers in the right conditions. The larval stage has only 6 legs and does not feed (approx. 1 day) until it has moulted to the first nymphal stage (protonymph). Once the larva has moulted it has 8 legs, and feeding starts immediately. Adult predatory mites will feed on all stages of spider mite. The number of prey consumed depends on the predator and prey populations, the age of the predator, and the temperature and relative humidity. At approx. 20°C, an adult Persimilis can consume up to 5 adult spider mites or 20 young larvae or eggs per day. Adult female predatory mites can lay up to 5 eggs per day. In general, as the temperature increases, the number of prey consumed also increases up until 35°C. Higher temperatures and low humidity do not favour Persimilis. The optimal conditions for Persimilis establishment is between 15-25°C, and a relative humidity above 60%. In hot dry conditions, the predatory mites Typhlodromus occidentalis or Neoseiulus californicus may be better suited to controlling spider mites. Persimilis is almost entirely dependent on spider mites as food. Once their prey is depleted, predatory mite populations will decline in numbers. Plant density is important when first introducing predatory mites, as plants touching each other will help the predators to disperse through a crop more quickly.

Suitable crops

Persimilis can be used on a broad range of crops, both outdoors and in protected cropping situations. Suitable crops include strawberries, berry fruit, capsicums (sweet peppers), cucumbers, eggplants, tomatoes, hops, cut flowers (gerbera, rose, cymbidium orchids), grape vines, some tree crops and many ornamentals.

When to release

Persimilis works best when used preventatively, or when spider mites are first noticed in the crop. If spider mite numbers are already high it is advisable to use a non-disruptive miticide to lower the population prior to release. Residual broad spectrum insecticides should not be used for at least four weeks prior to or after release.

How to release

Persimilis is supplied in 500mL vented bottles containing 10,000 adults and nymphs in vermiculite (rather than on leaf material). This method of distribution is cheaper to transport, quick to distribute and has the advantage of being able to supply pure predatory mites without other insect/mite contaminants or plant diseases. Vermiculite is sprinkled over the plants targeting ends of rows and any known hotspots. If you are unable to release the predators immediately, bottles may be stored at 4-8°C for 1-2 days.

Release rates

Rates will vary depending on the crop and infestation level. Contact Biological Services for crop-specific recommendations. In general for greenhouse crops release rates can vary between 5-20 bottles per hectare (low-moderate infestation) with higher numbers needed for hotspots. Several releases a few weeks apart are recommended during the season. For outdoor strawberry crops, release at one bottle per 10,000 plants, 2-3 times, several weeks apart. Extra predators will be needed for mite hotspots.

Chemical use

Persimilis is tolerant to some insecticides but is still sensitive to those with long residual actions, particularly pyrethroids, organophosphates and neonicotinoids. Residues on foliage may remain toxic for many weeks and negatively impact on their survival and ability to effect control. Check side-effects charts carefully and avoid using pesticides before and during Persimilis use unless they are known to be safe. Contact Biological Services for specific information.

Description

Persimilis (Phytoseiulus persimilis) are predatory mites that feed on two- spotted spider mite (TSM) and other spider mite species. Persimilis provide excellent control of these pests in a wide range of crops and they are among the most widely used biocontrol agents globally.

Adult Persimilis feed on all stages of spider mites, eating up to 20 young or 7 adult spider mites per day. Immature Persimilis feed on the eggs and immature stages of spider mites. Persimilis are fast-moving pear-shaped mites. The adults are red or orange and the immature stages are clear. Their eggs are oval shaped, twice the size of TSM eggs, and they develop an orange tinge as they mature. At 25°C Persimilis multiply twice as fast as their prey.

 

 

Target pests

• Two-spotted spider mite
• Bean spider mite

Advantages

• Applicable in many field and protected crops
• Consume more spider mites per day than other predatory mites
• Eat all spider mite stages
• Fast development
• Spread well in the crop
• Suitable for drone release

Suitable crop environments

Persimilis do well under humid conditions and in crops with heavy foliage. They perform best at 15-28°C and relative humidity above 60%. They have been used successfully in many protected and field crops, including strawberries, cut flowers, hops, raspberries, capsicums, cucumbers, eggplant, ornamentals, blackcurrants, pome fruit and grapes. Persimilis are not suitable for tree crops in dry climates.

Release rates

Unlike chemicals, when it comes to beneficials, more is always better. However, they are costly to produce and our goal is to achieve the best results at minimal expense. There are many factors to consider, including the value of the crop, the severity of the pest outbreak and the activity (or otherwise) of naturally occurring beneficial species.

As a general rule, 2-3 releases of modest numbers is better than a single large release. This reduces risk, improves establishment and accelerates the development of multiple overlapping generations. In most cases our releases are inoculative and we anticipate that our beneficials will establish and breed up within the crop to give long term control.

Release rates will vary depending on the crop and level of infestation. The table below is only a guide – contact us for specific recommendations.